Jahangir (1605-27)-
He was also called as Salim
His mother was Rajput wife of Akbar
Rebellion of Prince Khusru-
In 1606 Jahangir’s ascension was challenged by his eldest son Prince Khusrau with the help of Sikh Guru Arjun Dev
Prince Khusrau was defeated, while Guru Arjun Dev was executed
He established Zanjir-i-Adal (i.e. Chain of Justice) at Agra Fort for the seekers of royal justice
In 1611, Jahangir married Mihar-un-nisa, widow of Sher Afghan, a Persian nobleman who was sent on expedition to Bengal. Later on she was given the title Nurjahan
Jahangir issued coins jointly in Jurjahan‘s name and his own
Visit of Captain Hawkins and Thomas roe-
In 1608 Jahangir court was visited by Captain William Hawkins who was representative of East India Company
In 1615 Jahangir court was visited by an ambassador of King James I of England Sir Thomas Roe and during this visit Thomas roe got the permission for bruisers to establish port at Surat
He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i- Jahangiri in Persian
Duh-Aspah Sih-Aspah system-
This system was related to small modification in Mansabdari system
Under this system the close and selected nobles were allowed to have larger number of troopers (swar) without changing their Zat rank
Jahangir died near Lahore and was buried in Lahore.
Art and Architecture-
Paintings-
The reign of Jahangir saw the development of paintings
Jahangir used different theme like nature, birds, animals etc. in his paintings
Famous painters-
Dasvanth, Basawan, Manohar, Doulat, Mansur, Kesu, Nanha, Kanha, etc.
We can also see some Iranian influence in his paintings
Architecture-
Jahangir started Pietra Durra style which means decorating walls with different designs
He built-
Moti Masjid at Lahore
Shalimar and Nishant gardens in Kashmir
Shah Jahan(1627-1658 AD)-
He was born to Jodha Bai who was daughter of Raja Jagat Singh
He was also called as Khurram
Military conquests-
In 1628 –He defeated Bundela’s king Junjhar Singh son of Bir Singh Bundela
In 1631- During his time Qasim khan the governor of Bengal defeated Portuguese at Hugli
In 1630’s He had control over Ahmednagar,Nijapur and Golconda
Inayat Khan wrote Shah Jahan Nama
His court historian Abdul Hameed Lohiri wrote “Badusha nama”.
In 1631 Shah Jahan’s wife Mumtaz mahal passed away at Burhanpur. In memory of her Shah jahan started constructing Musoleum at Agra called as Taj mahal
Different travelers visited India during his reign-
Tavernier -French gem merchant and traveler
Mandelslo - German adventurer and traveler
Peter Mundy- English Trader
Manucci - Italian writer and traveller
Bernier -French physician and traveler
Towards the end of his period there was fight with between Aurangzeb and shahzahan and Aurangzeb imprisioned him and he died in 1666
Different wars of succession -
Battle of Dharmat(1658)-
It was fought between Aurangzeb abd Jasawant singh rathore who was allied with Mughal prince Dara Shikoh
Battle of Samugarh(1658)-
It was fought between Dara Shikoh and his two younger brothers Aurangzeb and Murad Baksh to decide who will be the heir of the throne after their father
Battle of Deorai (1659)-
Dara shikoh was defeated and Aurangzeb emerged victorious
Art and Architecture of Shahjahan-
Paintings-
Paintings were formal with personal themes
There was decrease in the quality of paintings as comparison to previous mughals
Some of the natural elements were also used in these paintings
Famous painters-
Mir Hassan, Anoop and Chinamani etc.
Architectures of Shah Jahan’s time-
Features-
He built variety of buildings like Forts, Mosques and palaces etc.
There was large use of White marble in these buildings
The practice of Pietra Durra i.e. decoration of wall was there
Garden system around or in front of the building was there
He built-
Taj Mahal –
It was built in the memories of his wife, Mumtaj Mahal.
Extensive use of white marble can be seen
Formal layout of gardens can be seen around Taj mahal
Moti Masjid : A pearl mosque located at Agra
Jama Masjid: it is located at Delhi and Red sandstone is used
Red Fort-
It is Islamic style architecture with local influence
Some of the buildings inside the Red fort-
Diwan-i-Aam(public audience hall ) and Diwan-i-Khas
(hall for private meetings)
Mumtaz Mahal, Rang Mahal and Khas Mahal
Moti Masjid
Nahar Bahishit
Aurangzeb (1658-1707 AD)
He was the only Mughal king to be coroneted twice
He was called as Zinda Pir and Alamgir
Military conquests-
In 1675 - Aurangzeb captured Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs in 1675 and executed him when he refused to embrace Islam
In 1686 He annexed Bijapur
In 1687 He annexed Golkonda
Marathas were constant threat to him
Religious policy of Aurangzeb-
He ordered that no new Hindu temples were to be built. Old temples were allowed to be repaired
The Jaziya tax which was abolished is know reintroduced by him in 1679
Also the previous initiative of Akbar called Jarokha Darshan was also discontinued by him
He also discontinued the celebration of Dasarah & Navroz
He added one more rank in Masabdari called as Mashrut which means conditional mansabdari
Mughal Administration-
Central administration-
Mughal Administration was headed by the King itself and he was the supreme head of the administration
There was council of ministers to help the king
Some of the officials were as follows-
Diwan-i-Ala/Wazir – Head of revenue department
Mir Bakshi – Head of military department and the artillery was under the charge of daroga-i-topkhana or the mir atish.
Khan-i-Saman – Head of imperial household
Muhtasibs – They were appointed to regulate the lives of the people according to moral and spiritual values and in some other areas they had role of supervision over market
Mir saman – in charge of the imperial households.
Barids – Intelligence officers.
Waqia Navis – Reporters
Chief Qaz - Head of judicial department.
Sadr-ul-sadr – Incharge of charitable & religious endowments.
Mutasaddi – Governor of port
Territorial division of Mughal empire-
Suba/Provinces-
The governor of the province was known as nizam, sipahsalar or subahdar and had all political and military powers
They were assisted by bakshi(military officer), The Waqa-i-Navis(secret service officers), the kotwal (head of police), qazi(judicial officer), the amil etc.
Sarkar/District-
Provinces were divided into small districts
Faujdar was important official of the district
The amal guzar was the officer in charge of finance assisted by Bitikchi and qanungo
Paraganas/Subdivision-
It was headed by Shiqdar and he was assisted by Amil (revenue collector), karkuns(clerks) and qanungo
Village-
Village was the lowest unit of administration headed by Muqaddam
Literature
Tuzuk-i-jahangiri – Jahangir
Babarnama - Abdul Rahim Khan
Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama–Abul Fazl
Tobaqat-i-Akbari–Khwajah Nazamuddin Ahmad Baksh
Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri—Muhammad Khan
Padshah Namah– Abdul Hamid Lahori
Shahjahan Namah– Muhammad Salih
Sirr-i-Akbar– Dara Shikoh
Safinat-ul-Auliya — Dara Shikoh
Majma-ul-Bahrain — Dara Shikoh
Raqqat-e-Alamgiri – AurangzebJahangir‘s court.